Historically, cities that industrialize rapidly develop a spatial hierarchy of commercial and residential zones. A compact urban layout ensures that services remain within walking distance, while adjacent green spaces provide recreation and regulate local climate. New entrants to the housing market often find prices comparable to those in established capitals, which raises pressing questions about affordability and social inclusion. Well-designed mixed neighbourhoods, by contrast, allow poorer households to reach the same schools, clinics and transport networks as wealthier residents.